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This paper examines computer graphic simulations of archaeological environments and materials, and explores their formal and informal uses as a means to model archaeological data and archaeological thinking. Interactive computer graphics was also useful in helping to plan the surgical access corridor. The diagnostic rate of DVA associated with brainstem cavernous malformation was significantly better using interactive computer graphics than with 2D images.
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The authors report a new method for automatic registration of preoperative imaging data from CT, MRI, and 3D rotational angiography for reconstruction into 1 computer graphic. Mean (±SEM) area under the ROC curve for rate of DVA diagnosis was significantly better for interactive computer graphics (1.000☐.000) than for 2D imaging (0.766☐.091 p<0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). This technique was very useful for examining various surgical approaches. Virtual surgical views were consistent with actual operative views. Detailed anatomical information for operative procedures, from the craniotomy to microsurgical operations, could be visualized and simulated three-dimensionally as 1 computer graphic using interactive computer graphics. Observation in interactive mode required approximately 15 minutes. The time required for reconstruction of 3D images was 3-6 hours for interactive computer graphics. Preoperative diagnostic rates for a DVA associated with brainstem cavernous malformation were compared between conventional 2D imaging and interactive computer graphics employing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The completed interactive computer graphics were used for simulation of surgical approaches and assumed surgical fields. With surface rendering, multimodality and multithreshold techniques for 1 tissue were applied. Data from preoperative imaging (MRI, CT, and 3D rotational angiography) were automatically fused using a normalized mutual information method, and then reconstructed by a hybrid method combining surface rendering and volume rendering methods. The study population consisted of 10 patients scheduled for surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations. The authors evaluated whether interactive computer graphics or 2D imaging correlated better with the actual operative field, particularly in identifying a developmental venous anomaly (DVA). In this study, the authors used preoperative simulation employing 3D computer graphics (interactive computer graphics) to fuse all imaging data for brainstem cavernous malformations.